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Found 202 results for "statistical":

42
1785 print by August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome, Germany

Superimposed squares to compare areas (of European states).

Crome, A. F. W. (1785). Über die Grösse and Bevölkerung der Sämtlichen Europäschen Staaten . Leipzig: Weygand.

Nikolow, S. (2001). A.f.w. crome's measurements of the strength of the state: Statistical representations in central europe around 1800. In J.L. Klein and M.S. Morgan (eds.), The Age of Economic Measurement . Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press.


134
1999 computer graphics by Leland Wilkinson (1944-), USA

Grammar of Graphics: A comprehensive systematization of grammatical rules for data and graphs and graph algebras within an object-oriented, computational framework.

Wilkinson, L. (1999). The Grammar of Graphics. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98774-6.


145
1989 computer graphics by Ted Mihalisin, USA

Use of 'nested dimensions' (related to trellis and mosaic displays) for the visualization of multidimensional data. Continuous variables are binned, and variables are allocated to the horizontal and vertical dimensions in a nested fashion.

Mihalisin, T., Gawlinski, E., Timlin, J., and Schwegler, J. (Oct. 1989). Multi-dimensional graphing in two dimensional spaces. Scientific Computing and Automation, 6:15-20.

Mihalisin, T., Schwegler, J., and Timlin, J. (1992). Hierarchical multivariate visualization. In H. J. Newton (ed.), Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 24th Symposium on the Interface, vol. 24, pp.141-149.


43
1765 print by Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), England

Historical time line (life spans of 2,000 famous people, 1200 B.C. to 1750 A.D.), quantitative comparison by means of bars.

Priestley, J. (1765). A Chart of Biography . London: (n.p.). BL: 611.I.19.


115
1919 print by Leonard Porter Ayres (1879-1946), USA

Social statistical chartbook, containing a variety of graphic and semi-graphic displays in a USA Government report. [This image is a fine early example of a semi-graphic display, showing four variables simultaneously.]

Ayres, L. P. (1919). The War with Germany, A Statistical Summary . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 040511852X. Commonly known as the Ayres report; reprinted: Arno Press, NY, 1979.

*Tufte, E. R. (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.


74
1888 print by Émile Cheysson (1836-1910), France

First anamorphic maps, using a deformation of spatial size to show a quantitative variable (e.g., the decrease in time to travel from Paris to various places in France over 200 years).

Palsky, G. (1996). Des Chiffres et des Cartes: Naissance et développement de la cartographie quantitative française au XIXe siècle. Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (CTHS). ISBN 2-7355-0336-3.

(Fig. 63-64)


271
2000 computer graphics by Éric Guichard, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France

Example frame from an animated map tracking the growth of the Internet in Europe through the 1990s. Several different map animations were produced by Éric Guichard, at the École Normale Supérieurecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, using national level data from RIPE. Countries are colour-coded according to hosts per capita and the green circles show domains per capita. (Blue diamonds show the 1996 national population.)


272
2000 computer graphics by Éric Guichard, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France

Example frame from an animated map tracking the growth of the Internet in Europe through the 1990s. Several different map animations were produced by Éric Guichard, at the École Normale Supérieurecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, using national level data from RIPE. Countries are colour-coded according to hosts per capita and the green circles show domains per capita. (Blue diamonds show the 1996 national population.)


163
2002 by Friendly, M.

Correlation (and covariance) matrices provide the basis for all (classical) multivariate statistical techniques, but most of these compress the correlations into a low-dimensional summary. How about a direct graphical display?

The correlogram uses two general techniques:

(a) rendering the value of a correlation to depict its sign and magnitude. This image shows just two: circular ``pac-man'' pies, and shading, with diagonal stripes indicating the direction. In both, Blue is used for positive correlations, and red for negative, with the intensity of shading proportional to the magnitude of the correlation.

(b) re-ordering the variables in a correlation matrix so that ``similar'' variables are positioned adjacently. Here, the variables have been permuted based on the angular ordering of the first two principal components.

The figure shows the correlations among 12 measures of 74 automobiles from the 1979 year, from Friendly, M., "Corrgrams: Exploratory displays for correlation matrices" (2002). The American Statistician v.1.5.


132
1968 print by Roberto Bachi (1909-1995), Israel

Systematic "graphical rational patterns" for statistical presentation.

Bachi, R. (1968). Graphical Rational Patterns, A New Approach to Graphical Presentation of Statistics. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press.


77
1896 print by Jacques Bertillon (1851-1922), France

Use of area rectangles on a map to display two variables and their product (population of arrondisements in Paris, percent foreigners; area = absolute number of foreigners).

Bertillon, J. (1896). Fréquence des étrangers à Paris en 1891. In Cours élementaire de statistique administrative. Paris: Societé d'éditions scientifiques. (map).

Palsky, G. (1996). Des Chiffres et des Cartes: Naissance et développement de la cartographie quantitative française au XIXe siècle . Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (CTHS). ISBN 2-7355-0336-3.

(Fig. 85)


72
1846 print by Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874), Belgium

Results of sampling from urns shown as symmetrical histograms, with limiting "curve of possibility" (later called the normal curve).

Quetelet, A. (1846). Lettres sur la Théorie des Probabilités, Appliquée aux Sciences Morales et Politiques. Brussels: M. Hayez.


122
1971 print by Rubin Gabriel (1929-2003), USA

Development of the biplot, a method for visualizing both the observations and variables in a multivariate data set in a single display. Observations are typically represented by points, variables by vectors, such that the position of a point along a vector represents the data value.

Gabriel, K. R. (1971). The biplot graphic display of matrices with application to principal components analysis. Biometrics, 58(3):453-467.


121
1971 print by Rubin Gabriel (1929-2003), USA

Development of the biplot, a method for visualizing both the observations and variables in a multivariate data set in a single display. Observations are typically represented by points, variables by vectors, such that the position of a point along a vector represents the data value.

Gabriel, K. R. (1971). The biplot graphic display of matrices with application to principal components analysis. Biometrics, 58(3):453-467.


106
1924 print by Otto Neurath (Director of the Social and Economic Museum) (1882-1945), Vienna, Austria

Museum of Social Statistical Graphics and the ISOTYPE system (International System of Typographic Picture Education).

Neurath, O. (1973). From Vienna method to Isotype. In M. Neurath and R. S. Cohen (eds.), Empiricism and Sociology, pp. 214-248. Dordrecht, NL: Reidel. (papers written 1925-45).

Neurath, O. (1991). Gesammelte Bildpaedagogische Schriften. Vienna: Verlag Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky. ISBN 3209008639. Rudolf Haller and Robin Kinross (eds.).


123
1969 print by John W. Tukey (1915-2000), USA

Graphical innovations for exploratory data analysis (stem-and-leaf, graphical lists, box-and-whisker plots, two-way and extended-fit plots, hanging and suspended rootograms).

Tukey, J. W. (1972). Some graphic and semigraphic displays. In T. A. Bancroft (ed.), Statistical Papers in Honor of George W. Snedecor, pp. 293-316. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, August 1969.


141
1987 computer graphics by Richard A. Becker and William S. Cleveland, USA

Figure 14 from "Brushing scatterplots" showing interactive labeling of brushed points. An example of interactive statistical graphics allowing brushing, linking, and other forms of interaction.

Becker, R. A. and Cleveland, W. S. (1987). Brushing scatterplots. Technometrics, 29:127-142.


252
2000 computer graphics by Federal Communications Commission

This map of the USA shows the geographical deployment of high-speed, broadband Internet access technologies. The map on the right looks at Los Angeles in greater detail.

The data and maps are compiled by the Federal Communications Commission. For more information see the report, "Availability of High-Speed and Advanced Telecommunications Services" (FCC Order Number 00-290) released in August 2000.


1
1375 print by Abraham Cresques (1325-1387), Majorca, Spain

Catalan Atlas, an exquisitely beautiful visual cosmography, perpetual calendar, and thematic representation of the known world.


64
1817 print by Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), Germany

First graph of isotherms, showing mean temperature around the world by latitude and longitude. Recognizing that temperature depends more on latitude and altitude, a subscripted graph shows the direct relation of temperature on these two variables.

von Humboldt, A. (1817). Sur les lignes isothermes. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 5:102-112.


66
1817 print by Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)

von Humboldt isotherms from Berghaus' 1849 AtlasrnrnFirst graph of isotherms, showing mean temperature around the world by latitude and longitude. Recognizing that temperature depends more on latitude and altitude, a subscripted graph shows the direct relation of temperature on these two variables - Germany


48
1819 print by Baron Pierre Charles Dupin (1784-1873), France

Cartogram, map with shadings from black to white (distribution and intensity of illiteracy in France), the first (unclassed) choropleth map, and perhaps the first modern statistical map. (This cartogram dates from 1826 (Dupin 1827, Plate 1, vol.2) according to Robinson (p.232), rather than 1819 according to Funkhouser).

Dupin, C. (1826). Carte figurative de l'instruction populaire de la France . Jobard. BNF: Ge C 6588 (Funkhouser (1937, p.300) incorrectly dates this as 1819).

Dupin, C. (1827). Forces productives et commerciales de la France. Bachelier.

Robinson, A. H. (1982). Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-72285-6.

Funkhouser, H. G. (Nov. 1937). Historical development of the graphical representation of statistical data. Osiris, 3(1):269-405. Reprinted Brugge, Belgium: St. Catherine Press, 1937.




998
2005 computer graphics by Scott Hessels, Gabriel Dunne

Celestial Mechanics is a planetarium artwork being created by Scott Hessels and Gabriel Dunne. Rather than a presentation of stars and planets, this "night sky" program reveals many of the aerial technologies hovering, flying, and drifting above us. This project combines science, statistical display, and contemporary art by interpreting the mechanical patterns and behaviors of these systems as culturally significant poetics.

With help from government agencies and the science community, the artists worked with accurate tracking and protocol statistics to create 3-D models of the airborne systems. They then led a team of top animators to visualize those models in a style that reflects the chaos, force, and influence of these technologies.


40
1786 print by William Playfair (1759-1823), England

Bar chart, line graphs of economic data.

Playfair, W. (1786). Commercial and Political Atlas: Representing, by Copper-Plate Charts, the Progress of the Commerce, Revenues, Expenditure, and Debts of England, during the Whole of the Eighteenth Century . London: Corry. Re-published in Wainer, H. and Spence, I. (eds.), The Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary, 2005, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-85554-3.


47
1838 print by Heinrich Berghaus (1797-1884), Germany

Physical atlas of the distribution of plants, animals, climate, etc., one of the most extensive and detailed thematic atlases; most of the maps contained tables, graphs, pictorial profiles of distributions over altitude, and other visual accompanyments.

Berghaus, H. (1838). Physikalischer Atlas . Gotha: Justus Perthes. 2 vols., published 1845-48.


46
1787 print by Ernest Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827), Germany

Visualization of vibration patterns (by spreading a uniform layer of sand on a disk, and observing displacement when vibration is applied).

Chladni, E. F. F. (1787). Entdeckungen uber die Theorie des Klanges. Leipzig: Bey Weidmanns Erben und Reich.


79
1885 print by Émile Levasseur (1828-1911), France

Comprehensive review of all available statistical graphics presented to the Statistical Society of London, classified as figures, maps, and solids (3D), perhaps the first mature attempt at a systematic classification of graphical forms.

Levasseur, É. (1885). La statistique graphique. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 50?:218-250.


35
1772 print by Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777), Germany

Diagrams developed to represent color systems. In 1758, Mayer developed a system of constructing and naming many of the possible colours. Lambert extended this with a 3D pyramid indicating "depth" (saturation).

Lambert wanted to extend the coverage of the system to include the concept of depth. He believed that the colour pyramid would be useful to textile merchants to decide if they stocked all the colours, and to dyers and printers as a source of inspiration.

Lambert, J. H. (1772). Beschreibung einer mit dem Calauschen Wachse ausgemalten Farbenpyramide . Berlin: n.p.


36
1758 print by Johanes Tobias Mayer (1723-1762), Germany

Diagrams developed to represent color systems. In 1758, Mayer developed a system of constructing and naming many of the possible colours. Lambert extended this with a 3D pyramid indicating "depth" (saturation).

Mayer, J. T. (1758). De affinitate colorum commentatio , chap. Farbendreieck. n.p. Edited by Lichtenberg, 1775.


76
1885 print by Émile Levasseur (1828-1911), France

Area diagram comparing populations of countries to their colonies.

Comprehensive review of all available statistical graphics presented to the Statistical Society of London, classified as figures, maps, and solids (3D), perhaps the first mature attempt at a systematic classification of graphical forms.

Levasseur, É. (1885). La statistique graphique. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 50?:218-250.


53
1843 print by Léon Lalanne (1811-1892), France

Contour map of a 3D table, temperature x hour x month (published in 1845).

Lalanne, L. (1845). Appendice sur la representation graphique des tableaux météorologiques et des lois naturelles en général. In L. F. Kaemtz (ed.), Cours Complet de Météorologie , pp. 1-35. Paulin. Translated and annotated by C. Martins.




37
1752 print by Phillippe Buache (1700-1733), France

Contour map.

Buache, P. (1752). Essai de géographie physique. Mémoires de L'Académie Royale des Sciences , pp. 399-416. BNF: Ge.FF-8816-8822.




81
1874 print by L.L. Vauthier, France

Population contour map (population density shown by contours), the first statistical use of a contour map.

Vauthier, L. L. (1874). Note sur une carte statistique figurant la répartition de la population de Paris. Comptes Rendus des Séances de L'Académie des Sciences, 78:264-267. ENPC: 11176 C612.


135
1999 computer graphics by Leland Wilkinson (1944-), USA

Grammar of Graphics: A comprehensive systematization of grammatical rules for data and graphs and graph algebras within an object-oriented, computational framework.

Wilkinson, L. (1999). The Grammar of Graphics. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98774-6.


49
1833 print by Andre Michel Guerry (1802-1866)

The first comprehensive analysis of data on "moral statistics" (crimes, suicide, literacy, etc.) shown on thematic unclassed choropleth maps; bar charts (of crime, by age groupings and months).

Guerry, A.-M. (1833). Essai sur la statistique morale de la France . Paris: Crochard. ISBN 0-7734-7045-X. English translation: Hugh P. Whitt and Victor W. Reinking, Lewiston, N.Y. : Edwin Mellen Press, 2002.


273
1999 computer graphics by IDG Communications

A map showing all the Internet interconnections for Hong Kong in December 1999. This comprehensive census map of Internet infrastructure is a project of IDG Communications in Hong Kong. The map is updated quarterly.


83
1855 print by John Snow (1813-1858 ), England

Use of a dot map to display epidemiological data, leads to discovery of the source of a cholera epidemic.

Snow, J. (1855). On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. London: (n.p.), 2nd ed.

Gilbert, E. W. (1958). Pioneer maps of health and disease in England. Geographical Journal, 124:172-183.




103
1911 print by Emil Eugen Roesle (organizer of the First International Hygiene Exhibition in Dresden) (1875-1962), Germany

First International Hygiene-Exhibition in Dresden, with 259 graphical-statistical figures of 35 national and international exhibitors and more than 5 million visitors. [Roesle also wrote publications which dealt with the structure of graphical-statistical displays (Roesle, 1913).]

Roesle, E. E. (1911). Sonderkatalog für die Gruppe Statistik der wissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Internationalen Hygiene-Ausstellung . Dresden, Germany: Verlag der Internationelen Hygiene-Ausstellung. (15 colored reproductions of posters from the exhibition).

Roesle, E. E. (1913). Graphische-statistische darstellungen, ihre technik, methodik und wissenschaftliche bedeutung. Archiv für soziale Hygiene, 8 :369-406.

Ostermann, R. (2001). Emil Eugen Roesle - grafikpionier im bereich der medizinstatistik und epidemiologie. Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie in Medizin und Biologie, 244.




78
1885 print by Francis Galton (1822-1911), England

Normal correlation surface and regression, the idea that in a bivariate normal distribution, contours of equal frequency formed concentric ellipses, with the regression line connecting points of vertical tangents.

Galton, F. (1886). Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature. Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 15:246-263.


50
1801 print by William Playfair (1759-1823), England

Invention of the pie chart, and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations.

Playfair, W. (1801). Statistical Breviary; Shewing, on a Principle Entirely New, the Resources of Every State and Kingdom in Europe . London: Wallis. Re-published in Wainer, H. and Spence, I. (eds.), The Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary, 2005, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-85554-3.




583
1857 by Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale, a major innovator of statistical graphs and diagrams, submits her "Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East" as part of her Report to the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. The diagrams demonstratethat over the course of the Crimean War, British deaths owe principally to "preventable or mitigable" diseases rather than battlefield wounds.


129
1957 print by Edgar Anderson, USA

Circular glyphs, with rays to represent multivariate data.

Anderson, E. (1957). A semigraphical method for the analysis of complex problems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 13(3):923-927. Reprinted in Technometrics, 2:387-391 (August 1960).


138
1988 computer graphics by Antony Unwin and Graham Wills, England

Interactive graphics for multiple time series with direct manipulation (zoom, rescale, overlaying, etc.).

Unwin, A. R. and Wills, G. (1988). Eyeballing time series. In Proceedings of the 1988 ASA Statistical Computing Section, pp. 263-268. American Statistical Association.


270
1998 computer graphics by Shane Greenstein and Tom Downes, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University

The changing geographic distribution of ISPs in the USA from September 1996 to October 1998 (see September 1996). Based on economic analysis of ISP markets by Shane Greenstein and Tom Downes, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University.


269
1996 computer graphics by Shane Greenstein and Tom Downes, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University

The changing geographic distribution of ISPs in the USA from September 1996 to October 1998 (see October 1998). Based on economic analysis of ISP markets by Shane Greenstein and Tom Downes, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University.


58
1830 Print by Armand Joseph Frère de Montizon (1788-?), France

First simple dot map of population by department, 1 dot = 10,000 people.

Frère de Montizon, A. J. (1830). Carte philosophique figurant la population de la France. BNF.

Robinson, A. H. (1982). Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-72285-6.


45
1782 print by Marcellin du Carla-Boniface, France

First topographical map.

du Carla-Boniface, M. (1782). Expression des nivellements; ou, méthode nouvelle pour marquer sur les cartes terrestres et marines les hauteurs et les configurations du terrain. In François de Dainville, ``From the Depths to the Heights,'' translated by Arthur H. Robinson, Surveying and Mapping, 1970, 30:389-403, on page 396.


44
1753 print by Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg (1709-1779), France

"Carte chronologique": An annotated time line of history (from Creation) on a 54-foot scroll, including names and descriptive events, grouped thematically, with symbols denoting character (martyr, tyrant, heretic, noble, upright, etc.) and profession (painter, theologian, musician, monk, etc.).

Ferguson, S. (1991). The 1753 carte chronographique of Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg. Princeton University Library Chronicle, 52:190-230.

Wainer, H. (1998). The graphical inventions of Dubourg and Ferguson: Two precursors to William Playfair. Chance, 11(4):39-41.


126
1960 print by Howard Fisher, USA

Initial development of geographic information systems, combining spatially-referenced data, spatial models and map-based visualization. Example: Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics (and Spatial Analysis) develops SYMAP, producing isoline, choropleth and proximal maps on a line printer.

Chrisman, N. (1988). The risks of software innovation: A case study of the harvard lab. The American Cartographer, 15(3):291-300.

Tomlinson, R. and Petchenik, B. (eds.) (1988). Reflections on a Revolution: The Transition from Analogue to Digital Representations of Space, 1958-1988, vol. 15 (3). The American Cartographer. (Special issue).




119
1911 print by Emil Eugen Roesle (organizer of the First International Hygiene Exhibition in Dresden) (1875-1962), Germany

First International Hygiene-Exhibition in Dresden, with 259 graphical-statistical figures of 35 national and international exhibitors and more than 5 million visitors. [Roesle also wrote publications which dealt with the structure of graphical-statistical displays (Roesle, 1913).]

Roesle, E. E. (1911). Sonderkatalog für die Gruppe Statistik der wissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Internationalen Hygiene-Ausstellung . Dresden, Germany: Verlag der Internationelen Hygiene-Ausstellung. (15 colored reproductions of posters from the exhibition).

Roesle, E. E. (1913). Graphische-statistische darstellungen, ihre technik, methodik und wissenschaftliche bedeutung. Archiv für soziale Hygiene , 8 :369-406.

Ostermann, R. (2001). Emil Eugen Roesle - grafikpionier im bereich der medizinstatistik und epidemiologie. Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie in Medizin und Biologie, 244.




51
1843 Print by James Cowles Pritchard (1786-1848) and Alexander Keith Johnston (1804-1871), England

Ethnographic maps showing distribution of ethnic groups throughout the world.

Johnston, A. K. (1843). The National Atlas of Historical, Commercial, and Political Geography. London: William Blackwood and Sons.

Prichard, J. C. (1843). Researches Into the Physical History of Man. London: Houlston & Stoneman.


52
1843 Print by James Cowles Pritchard (1786-1848) and Alexander Keith Johnston (1804-1871), England

Ethnographic maps showing distribution of ethnic groups throughout the world.

Johnston, A. K. (1843). The National Atlas of Historical, Commercial, and Political Geography. London: William Blackwood and Sons.

Prichard, J. C. (1843). Researches Into the Physical History of Man. London: Houlston & Stoneman.


283
1995 computer graphics by TeleGeography Inc.

Example of the statistical maps and diagrams produced by TeleGeography, Inc.

This map shows European telecommunications traffic flows in 1995.

[For more information see the Map of the Month article "TeleGeography's Traffic Flow Maps".]


116
1926 print by Walter C. Eells

Experimental test of statistical graphical forms (pie vs. subdivided bar charts).

Eells, W. C. (1926). The relative merits of circles and bars for representing component parts. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 21:119-132.


124
1973 print by Herman Chernoff (1923-), USA

Cartoons of human face to represent multivariate data.

Chernoff, H. (1973). The use of faces to represent points in k-dimensional space graphically. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 68:361-368.


57
1820 Print by Michael Faraday (1791-1867), England

An increasing number of scientific publications begin to contain graphs and diagrams which describe, but do not analyze, natural phenomena (magnetic variation, weather, tides, etc.).


136
1981 computer graphics by George W. Furnas, USA

Fisheye view: an idea to provide focus and greater detail in areas of interest of a large amount of information, while retaining the surrounding context in much less detail.

Furnas, G. W. (1981). The Fisheye View: A New Look at Structured Files. Tech. Rep. Technical Memorandum 81-11221-9, Bell Labs.


61
1837 print by Henry Drury Harness (1804-1883), Ireland

First published flow maps, showing transportation by means of shaded lines, widths proportional to amount (passengers).

Harness, H. D. (1838). Atlas to Accompany the Second Report of the Railway Commissioners, Ireland . Dublin: H.M.S.O. (a) Map showing the relative number of passengers in different directions by regular public conveyances, 80 x 64 cm; (b) map showing the relative quantities of traffic in different directions, 80 x 64 cm; (c) map showing by varieties of shading the comparative density of the population, 80 x 64 cm.

Robinson, A. H. (1955). The 1837 maps of Henry Drury Harness. Geographical Journal, 121:440-450.

Robinson, A. H. (1982). Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-72285-6.




84
1885 print by Émile Levasseur (1828-1911), France

Comprehensive review of all available statistical graphics presented to the Statistical Society of London, classified as figures, maps, and solids (3D), perhaps the first mature attempt at a systematic classification of graphical forms.

Levasseur, É. (1885). La statistique graphique. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 50?:218-250.


137
1975 computer graphics by Stephen E. Fienberg

"Four-Fold Circular Display" to represent 2x2 table.

Fienberg, S. E. (1975). Perspective Canada As a Social Report. Tech. rep., Department of Applied Statistics, University of Minnesota. Unpublished paper.


55
1821 print by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), France

Ogive or cumulative frequency curve, inhabitants of Paris by age groupings (shows the number of inhabitants of Paris per 10,000 in 1817 who were of a given age or over. The name "ogive" is due to Galton.).

Fourier, J. B. J. (1821). Notions generales, sur la population. Recherches Statistiques sur la Ville de Paris et le Departement de la Seine, 1:1-70.


54
1838 print by Heinrich Berghaus (1797-1884), Germany

Physical atlas of the distribution of plants, animals, climate, etc., one of the most extensive and detailed thematic atlases; most of the maps contained tables, graphs, pictorial profiles of distributions over altitude, and other visual accompaniments.

Berghaus, H. (1838). Physikalischer Atlas. Gotha: Justus Perthes. 2 vols., published 1845-48.


75
1878 print by Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904), USA

Recording of motion (of a running horse) by means of a set of glass-plate cameras, triggered by strings.


99
1874 print by Francis Galton (1822-1911), England

Galton's first semi-graphic scatterplot and correlation diagram, of head size and height, from his notebook on Special Peculiarities.

Hilts, V. L. (1975). A Guide to Francis Galton's English Men of Science, vol.65. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.


266
2001 computer graphics by Marina Duféal

A detailed mapping of the geography of websites in France from February 2001. The map was created by researcher Marina Duféal and uses proportional circles to show the number of sites in each commune.


1215

Geospace & Media Tool (GMT): Geolocated news

2007 computer graphics by Parsons Institute for Information Mapping (PIIM)

This screenshot shows a selected news abstract set in geographical context.

GMT Description

The Geospace & Media Tool is an advanced information visualization application that ties incoming news flow with geospatial, census, and human network data. Related news articles are scored and aggregated into single, convenient event files. Easy-to-use graphic and geographic visualizations give the user the ability to see events, demographics, rnorganizations and current as well as past professional connections between people.

Key features include:

Detailed content and metadata on every news article

Full dossier of individuals mentioned in every news articlern

Ability to track and search events by location, topic, and customized filters

Automatic extraction and aggregation of related network and statistical data

Visual display of network connections between professionals

Access to hundreds of statistical values specifically relevant to each news article, accompanied by map overlays



1213

Geospace & Media Tool (GMT): Human organizational networks

2007 computer graphics by Parsons Institute for Information Mapping (PIIM)

This screenshot shows the relationships among individuals as a human organizational network diagram.

GMT Description

The Geospace & Media Tool is an advanced information visualization application that ties incoming news flow with geospatial, census, and human network data. Related news articles are scored and aggregated into single, convenient event files. Easy-to-use graphic and geographic visualizations give the user the ability to see events, demographics, rnorganizations and current as well as past professional connections between people.

Key features include:

Detailed content and metadata on every news article

Full dossier of individuals mentioned in every news articlern

Ability to track and search events by location, topic, and customized filters

Automatic extraction and aggregation of related network and statistical data

Visual display of network connections between professionals

Access to hundreds of statistical values specifically relevant to each news article, accompanied by map overlays



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Geospace & Media Tool (GMT): Statistics

2007 computer graphics by Parsons Institute for Information Mapping (PIIM)

This screenshot shows census data for a selected congressional district.

GMT Description

The Geospace & Media Tool is an advanced information visualization application that ties incoming news flow with geospatial, census, and human network data. Related news articles are scored and aggregated into single, convenient event files. Easy-to-use graphic and geographic visualizations give the user the ability to see events, demographics, rnorganizations and current as well as past professional connections between people.

Key features include:

Detailed content and metadata on every news article

Full dossier of individuals mentioned in every news articlern

Ability to track and search events by location, topic, and customized filters

Automatic extraction and aggregation of related network and statistical data

Visual display of network connections between professionals

Access to hundreds of statistical values specifically relevant to each news article, accompanied by map overlays



140
1988 computer graphics (XGobi) by Deborah F. Swayne, Di Cook, Andreas Buja, USA

First inclusion of grand tours in an interactive system that also has linked brushing, linked identification, visual inference from graphics, interactive scaling of plots, etc.

From 1991 to 1996, there was a spate of development and public distribution of highly interactive systems for data analysis and visualization, e.g., XGobi, ViSta by Deborah Swayne, Di Cook, Andreas Buja, and Forrest Young (1940-2006).

Buja, A., Asimov, D., Hurley, C., and McDonald, J. A. (1988). Elements of a viewing pipeline for data analysis. In William S. Cleveland and M. E. McGill (eds.), Dynamic Graphics for Statistics. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Swayne, D. F., Cook, D., and Buja, A. (1992). XGobi: Interactive dynamic graphics in the X Window System with a link to S. In Proceedings of the 1991 American Statistical Association Meetings, pp. ??-?? American Statistical Association.

Buja, A., Cook, D., and Swayne, D. F. (1996). Interactive high-dimensional data visualization. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics , 5 (1):78-99.

Swayne, D. F., Cook, D., and Buja, A. (1998). XGobi: Interactive dynamic data visualization in the X Window System. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 7(1):113-130.

Young, F. W. (1994). ViSta: The Visual Statistics System . Tech. Rep. RM 94-1, L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory, UNC.


24
1686 print by Edmond Halley (1656-1742), England

Bivariate plot of a theoretical curve derived from observations (barometric pressure vs. altitude), graphical analysis based on empirical data.

Halley, E. (1686). On the height of the mercury in the barometer at different elevations above the surface of the earth, and on the rising and falling of the mercury on the change of weather. Philosophical Transactions , 16 :104-115.


32
1763 print by Thomas Bayes (1702-1761), England

Graph of the beta density.


281
1996 computer graphics by John S. Quarterman

An example of the statistical maps of the Internet produced through the 1990s by John S. Quarterman. Many different maps were published in Matrix Maps Quarterly.


28
1620 print by Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) and William Oughtred (1574-1660), England

Invention of a mechanical device, containing a logarithmic scale of equal parts and trigonomic functions which, with the aid of a pair of calipers, could be used as a slide rule. This device, called "Gunter's scale", or the "gunter" by seamen, was soon replaced by a true slide rule, containing two parallel logarithmic scales.

Babcock, B. E. (1994). Some notes on the history and use of Gunter's scale. Journal of the Oughtred Society , 3 :14-20.

Gunter, E. (1624). Description and use of the sector, the crosse-staffe and other instruments.




30
1656 print by Edmond Halley (1656-1742), England

First known weather map, showing prevailing winds on a geographical map of the Earth.

Halley, E. (1686). On the height of the mercury in the barometer at different elevations above the surface of the earth, and on the rising and falling of the mercury on the change of weather. Philosophical Transactions , 16 :104-115.




130
1965 print by John W. Tukey (1915-2000), USA

Beginnings of EDA: improvements on histogram in analysis of counts, tail values (hanging rootogram).

Tukey, J. W. (1965). The future of processes of data analysis. In Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on the Design of Experiment in Army Research Development and Testing, pp. 691-729. Durham, NC: U.S. Army Research Office. ARO-D Report 65-3.


112
1911 print by Elnar Hertzsprung (1873-1967), Denmark

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a log-log plot of luminosity as a function of temperature for stars, used to explain the changes as a star evolves. It provided an entirely new way to look at stars, and laid the groundwork for modern stellar physics and evolution, developed independently by Elnar Hertzsprung (1873-1967), Denmark [127] and Henry Norris Russell (1877-1957), USA. See (Spence, below) for a recent appraisal.

Hertzsprung, E. (1911). Publikationen des astrophysikalischen observatorium zu Potsdam. Num. 63.

Spence, I. and Garrison, R. F. (1993). A remarkable scatterplot. The American Statistician, 47 (1):12-19.


267
1999 computer graphics by Federal Communications Commission

This map of the USA shows the geographical deployment of high-speed, broadband Internet access technologies. The map on the right looks at Los Angeles in greater detail.

The data and map are compiled by the Federal Communications Commission. For more information see the report, "Availability of High-Speed and Advanced Telecommunications Services" (FCC Order Number 00-290) released in August 2000.


1076
print by Larry Gormley; Kimberly Cloutier, White Rhino Productions

There are countless books and maps about the American Civil War but there is nothing that provides a graphic overview of the history of the various Confederate armies throughout the war... until now. The History of the Confederate Army charts the size and battle history of the Army of Northern Virginia, Army of Tennessee, and 21 other armies. It provides understanding and context of why the Army of Northern Virginia was more successful than the Army of Tennessee. See the relationship between the various armies ... which army sent reinforcements to other theaters and which armies split their forces. See how the Army of Northern Virginia expanded and contracted during the war. See how the Army of Tennessee was formed from a number of smaller armies.





The award winning History of the Confederate Army print provides you with a comparison of the battle history of each force across all three theaters of the war. It provides a detailed breakdown of the organization of the oft-understood western theater (Trans-Mississippi Army.)





The History of the Confederate Army is divided vertically by date and horizontally by the three major theaters of the war. Inspired by Charles Joseph Minard's Napoleon's March to Moscow statistical graphic, many variables are charted including the size, history, and commanding generals of the 23 Confederate armies. In addition, the name, location, date, casualty figures and who won for the 100 most important battles are provided.





Credits




Concept, research, and data: Larry Gormley




Design: Larry Gormley




Illustration and layout: Kimberly Cloutier, White Rhino Productions


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print by Larry Gormley; Kimberly Cloutier, White Rhino Productions

The History of the Union Army maps the birth and triumph of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The design of this print is based on the award winning History of the Confederate Army print.





The map is divided vertically by date and horizontally by the three major theaters of the war. Inspired by Charles Joseph Minard's Napoleon's March to Moscow statistical graphic, many variables are charted including the size, history, and commanding generals of the 31 Union armies. In addition, the name, location, date, casualty figures and who won for the 95 most important battles are provided.





Note: Because the Union Army was significantly larger in terms of number of troops, the scale of the streams are about twice the scale of the streams in The History of the Confederate Army.





Credits




Concept, research, and data: Larry Gormley

Design: Larry Gormley




Illustration and layout: Kimberly Cloutier, White Rhino Productions


118
1927 print by J. N. Washburne, USA

Spate of articles on experimental tests of statistical graphical forms: R. von Huhn, F. E. Croxton, J. N. Washburne, USA.

Washburne, J. N. (1927). An experimental study of various graphic, tabular and textual methods of presenting quantitative material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 18:361-376, 465-476.

von Huhn, R. (1927). A discussion of the Eells' experiment. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 22:31-36.

Croxton, F. E. (1927). Further studies in the graphic use of circles and bars. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 22:36-39.

Croxton, F. E. and Stein, H. (1932). Graphic comparisons by bars, squares, circles and cubes. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 27:54-60.

Croxton, F. E. and Stryker, R. E. (1927). Bar charts versus circle diagrams. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 22:473-482.


87
1861 print by Francis Galton (1822-1911), England

The modern weather map, a chart showing area of similar air pressure and barometric changes by means of glyphs displayed on a map. These led to the discovery of the anti-cyclonic movement of wind around low-pressure areas.


279
1991 computer graphics by Larry Landweber, Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA

A "census" of Internet connectivity by countries has been undertaken at regular intervals by Larry Landweber, Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA. This map shows the differential levels of network connectivity in September 1991. The change in connectivity levels (compared with his 1997 map) is clearly evident, showing the spread of the Internet. Landweber's maps and data tables are available.

[For more information on Landweber's maps see the Map of the Month article "Mapping the Global Spread of the Net" in Mappa.Mundi Magazine.]


278
1997 computer graphics by Larry Landweber, Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA

A "census" of Internet connectivity by countries has been undertaken at regular intervals by Larry Landweber, Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA. This map shows the connectivity position in June 1997. The change in connectivity levels (compared with his 1991 map) is clearly evident, showing the spread of the Internet. Landweber's maps and data tables are available.

[For more information on Landweber's maps see the Map of the Month article "Mapping the Global Spread of the Net" in Mappa.Mundi Magazine.]


285
1997 computer graphics by Jumpot Phuritatkul and Thaweesak Koanantakool, NECTEC, Thailand

Diagrammatic map showing Thailand's Internet Connectivity in September 1997 (another is from 1998).


286
1998 computer graphics by Jumpot Phuritatkul and Thaweesak Koanantakool, NECTEC, Thailand

Diagrammatic map showing Thailand's Internet Connectivity in September 1998 (another is from 1997).


277
1999 computer graphics by KR Network Information Centre, South Korea

Maps tracking the Internet infrastructure in South of Korea produced by KR Network Information Centre (NIC). A whole series of maps over the past five years were produced using topological graphs creating a useful census of the growing complexity the links between ISPs and their capacity.

When this map, showing the infrastructure in October 1999, is compared with the one from May 1995, they clearly reveal the tremendous growth in ISPs, connections and capacity.


276
1995 computer graphics by KR Network Information Centre, South Korea

This is one of the maps tracking the Internet infrastructure in South of Korea produced by KR Network Information Centre (NIC). A whole series of maps over the past five years were produced using topological graphs creating a useful census of the growing complexity the links between ISPs and their capacity.

When this map, showing the infrastructure in May 1995, is compared with the one from October 1999, they clearly reveal the tremendous growth in ISPs, connections and capacity.


264
1997 computer graphics by Mike Jensen

Mike Jensen is tracking the growth and development of the Internet in Africa, including producing a range of statistical maps and graphs. The two maps above show the changing level of Internet access and international bandwidth between May 1996 and December 1997.


265
1996 computer graphics by Mike Jensen

Mike Jensen is tracking the growth and development of the Internet in Africa, including producing a range of statistical maps and graphs. The two maps above show the changing level of Internet access and international bandwidth between May 1996 and December 1997.


274
2001 computer graphics by Antonio Scarponi

Antonio Scarponi created an animated map of the world showing the growth of Internet users from 1993 and predicted to 2015. The three images above are single frames from the animation showing the state of the Internet world in 1996, 2001 and then projected for 2007.

The map uses a continuous cartogram representation where the size of the country is based on the number of Internet users rather than geographical area. Cartograms can be a very effective means of visualizing demographic data as they highlight areas based on where most people rather than simply territorial area.


38
1701 print by Edmond Halley (1656-1742), England

Contour maps showing curves of equal value (an isogonic map, lines of equal magnetic declination for the world, possibly the first contour map of a data-based variable).

Halley, E. (1701). The description and uses of a new, and correct sea-chart of the whole world, shewing variations of the compass. London.

Thrower, N. J. W. (ed.) (1981). The Three Voyages of Edmond Halley in the Paramore 1698 - 1701 . London: Hakluyt Society. ISBN 0 904 180 02. 2nd series, vol 156-157 (2 vols).


110
1924 print by Otto Neurath (Director of the Social and Economic Museum) (1882-1945), Vienna, Austria

Museum of Social Statistical Graphics and the ISOTYPE system (International System of Typographic Picture Education).

Neurath, O. (1973). From Vienna method to Isotype. In M. Neurath and R. S. Cohen (eds.), Empiricism and Sociology, pp. 214-248. Dordrecht, NL: Reidel. (papers written 1925-45).

Neurath, O. (1991). Gesammelte Bildpaedagogische Schriften. Vienna: Verlag Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky. ISBN 3209008639. Rudolf Haller and Robin Kinross (eds.).


275
2002 computer graphics by Technology Policy Group, and ConnectKentucky

This map provides a visual census of network infrastructure. It is produced by the Technology Policy Group as part of their NetmapUSA project which benchmarks regional information infrastructure in the U.S.

This map shows the coverage of cable modem Internet service throughout the state of Kentucky, September 2002. It was produced by TGP and ConnectKentucky.


6
print

The oldest known map? (There are several claimants for this honor.)- unknown, Museum at Konya, Turkey.


109
1924 print by Otto Neurath (Director of the Social and Economic Museum) (1882-1945), Vienna, Austria

Museum of Social Statistical Graphics and the ISOTYPE system (International System of Typographic Picture Education).

Neurath, O. (1973). From Vienna method to Isotype. In M. Neurath and R. S. Cohen (eds.), Empiricism and Sociology, pp. 214-248. Dordrecht, NL: Reidel. (papers written 1925-45).

Neurath, O. (1991). Gesammelte Bildpaedagogische Schriften. Vienna: Verlag Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky. ISBN 3209008639. Rudolf Haller and Robin Kinross (eds.).


91
1883 print by Charles Lallemand (1857-1938), France

Combination of many variables into multi-function nomograms, using 3D, juxtaposition of maps, parallel coordinate and hexagonal grids (L'Abaque Triomphe).

Lallemand, C. (1885). Les abaques héxagonaux: Nouvelle méthode générale de calcul graphique, avec de nombreux exemples d'application. Paris: Ministère des travaux publics, Comité du nivellement général de la France.


68
1846 print by Léon Lalanne (1811-1892), France

Logarithmic grid (the first log-log plot, as a nomogram for showing products from the factors).

Lalanne, L. (1846). Mémoire sur les tables graphiques et sur la géométrie anamorphique appliquées a diverses questions qui se rattachent a l'art de l'ingénieur. Annales des Ponts et Chausées, 2e series, 11:1-69. Read 1843.


25
1603 print by Guillaume Le Nautonier (1557-1620), France

Tables, and first world map showing lines of geomagnetism (isogons), used in work on finding longitude by means of magnetic variation. The tables give the world distribution of the variation, by latitude, along each of the meridians .

Mandea, M. and Mayaud, P.-N. (2004). Guillaume le nautonier, un precurseur dans l'histoire du géomagnétisme magnetism. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences , 57 (1):161-174.

Nautonier, G. L. (1602-1604). Mecometrie de l'eymant, c'est a dire la maniere de mesurer les longitudes par le moyen de l'eymant . Paris: n.p. BL: 533.k.9.


133
1996 computer graphics by Jason Dykes, England

Cartographic Data Visualiser: a map visualization toolkit with graphical tools for viewing data, including a wide range of mapping options for exploratory spatial data analysis.

Dykes, J. A. (1996). Dynamic maps for spatial science, a unified approach to cartographic visualization. In D. Parker (ed.), Innovations in GIS 3, pp. 177-187. London: Taylor & Francis.


144
1990 computer graphics by M. Keiding, England

Display of multivariate data in the context of life-history.

Keiding, M. (1990). Statistical inference in the lexis diagram. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, series A, 332:487-509.


802
2004 computer graphics by (unknown)

Locus is an instant messanger, social experiment, and art piece that is built on the premise that you are how you act.

Locus is a Jabber client written in Python, that uses Bayesian statistical analysis to find likenesses between the messages that your friends send you. Bayesian algorithms are used in the world's most successful junk e-mail filters. They work by training the filter with e-mails that you have selected as junk e-mail and non-junk. Eventually the filter learns to distinguish between the two on it's own.

Locus uses the same principles only instead of training the filter to recognize whether an e-mail is junk or not, Locus trains itself to recognize the writing of each person that sends you messages. By cross-comparing everyone's collection of messages, Locus can get an idea of which people may share interests.


748
2005 computer graphics by George Legrady, Andreas Schlegel

Making Visible the Invisible is an installation consisting of 6 large LCD screens located on a glass wall horizontally behind the librarian's main information desk in the Mixing Chamber of the Seattle Central Library, a large open 19,500 sq ft space dedicated to information retrieval and public accessible computer research.

"The screens feature real-time calculated animation visualizations generated by custom designed statistical and algorithmic software using data received each hour. This data consists of a list of checked-out items organized in chronological order. The item may be a book, a DVD, a CD, a VHS tape, etc. and from the list we can collect and aggregate titles, checkout time, catalog descriptors such as keywords, Dewey classification code if they are non-fiction items. There are approximately 36000 items circulating per day. Items with Dewey Decimal System labels provide for a way to get a perspective on what subject matters are of current interest at any given time as the Dewey system classifies all items according to 10 major categories: 000 Generalities; 100 Philosophy & Psychology; 200 Religion; 300 Social Science; 400 Language; 500 Natural Science & Mathematics; 600 Technology & Applied Sciences; 700 Arts; 800 Literature; 900 Geography & History. These are then subdivided into 100 segments."


95
1884 print by Michael George Mulhall (1836-1900), England

Pictogram, used to represent data by icons proportional to a number.

Mulhall, M. G. (1884). Dictionary of statistics. London.


724
2003 computer graphics by Jean-Pierre Eckmann

This project was originally produced by Jean-Pierre Eckmann for the IAMP Conference 2003 in Lisbon. The concept was later pursued by Sid Redner, from Boston University, who showed that the network of scientific papers, connected by citations, has a power law degree distribution. In a test of this concept papers from the Mathematical Physics Archive were examined for reciprocal citation of the authors, yielding the preceding graph, where colors indicate areas of obvious curvature that were then checked for content. The strongest curvature is the area in red, statistical mechanics, which is reasonable given the nature of the database. This result emerged from the analysis that did not use scientific field as a parameter in generating the clusters.


3
1235 print by Ramon Llull (1235-1316), Spain

Mechanical diagrams of knowledge, as aids to reasoning (served as an inspiration to Leibnitz in the development of symbolic logic) (Spain).


142
1981 computer graphics by John Hartigan and Beat Kleiner, USA

Mosaic display á la Hartigan and Kleiner.

Hartigan, J. A. and Kleiner, B. (1981). Mosaics for contingency tables. In W. F. Eddy (ed.), Computer Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on the Interface, pp. 268-273. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

Friendly, M. (2002). A brief history of the mosaic display. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 11(1):89-107.


105
1913 print by Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (1887-1915), England

Discovery of the concept of atomic number, based largely on graphical analysis (a plot of serial numbers of the elements vs. square root of frequencies from X-ray spectra) The linear relations showed that the periodic table was explained by atomic number rather than, as had been supposed, atomic weight, and predicted the existence of several yet-undiscovered elements.

Moseley, H. (1913). The high frequency spectra of the elements. Philosophical Magazine, 26:1024-1034. (Part II, 27:1914, pp.703-).


243
print by Charles Joseph Minard

A graphical display of the time course of Minard's works reveals some interesting patterns. The plot below shows the time course of Minard's graphic output with a smooth (loess) curve, in relation to some events in his life. Tick marks at the top and bottom show the date of each each graphic work, categorized by content (related to the distribution of Goods vs. Other topics).


92
1869 print by Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870), France

Minard's flow map graphic of Napoleon's March on Moscow (called "the best graphic ever produced" by Tufte).

Minard, C. J. (20 Nov. 1869). Carte figurative des pertes successives en hommes de l'armée qu'Annibal conduisit d'Espagne en Italie en traversant les Gaules (selon Polybe). Carte figurative des pertes successives en hommes de l'armée française dans la campagne de Russie, 1812-1813. lith. (624 x 207, 624 x 245). ENPC: Fol 10975, 10974/C612.

Tufte, E. R. (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information . Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.


113
1928 print by Lawrence Joseph Henderson (1878-1942), USA

Nomogram of chemical concentrations in blood, showing the relations among over 20 components.

Henderson, L. J. (1928). Blood: A Study in General Physiology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.


2
1569 print by Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594), Belgium

Invention of cylindrical projection for portraying the globe on maps, to preserve straightness of rhumb lines.

van Rupelmonde, G. M. (1569). Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio ad usum navigantum emendate accomodata.


108
1924 print by Otto Neurath (Director of the Social and Economic Museum) (1882-1945), Vienna, Austria

Museum of Social Statistical Graphics and the ISOTYPE system (International System of Typographic Picture Education).

Neurath, O. (1973). From Vienna method to Isotype. In M. Neurath and R. S. Cohen (eds.), Empiricism and Sociology, pp. 214-248. Dordrecht, NL: Reidel. (papers written 1925-45).

Neurath, O. (1991). Gesammelte Bildpaedagogische Schriften. Vienna: Verlag Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky. ISBN 3209008639. Rudolf Haller and Robin Kinross (eds.).


101
1879 print by Luigi Perozzo, Italy

Stereogram (three-dimensional population pyramid) modeled on actual data (Swedish census, 1750-1875).

Perozzo, L. (1880). Della rappresentazione graphica di una collettività di individui nella successione del tempo. Annali di Statistica, 12:1-16. BL: S.22.


20
1350 print by Nicole Oresme (Bishop of Lisieus) (1323-1382), France

Proto-bar graph (of a theoretical function), and development of the logical relation between tabulating values, and graphing them (pre-dating Descartes). Oresme proposed the use of a graph for plotting a variable magnitude whose value depends on another, and, implicitly, the idea of a coordinate system- Nicole Oresme (Bishop of Lisieus).

Oresme, N. (1482). Tractatus de latitudinibus formarum. Padova. BL: IA 3Q024.

Oresme, N. (1968). Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions: A Treatise on the Uniformity and Difformity Known as Tractatus de Configrationibus Qualitatum et Motuum . Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Tr.: M. Clagget.


5
1570 print by Abraham Ortelius (Ortel) (1527-1598), Antwerp, Belgium

The first modern atlas, Teatrum Orbis Terrarum.

Ortelius, A. (May 1570). Theatrum Orbis Terrarum . Antwerp: Coppenium Diesth. 53 maps in coperplate, 41 x 29 cm.




56
1839 Print by Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre (1787-1851), France

Invention of the first practical photographic process, using coated plates of metal and glass.


93
1869 print by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907), Russia

The periodic table used to classify chemical elements according to their properties, and allowing the prediction of new elements that would be discovered later.


96
1851 print by Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870), France

Map incorporating statistical diagrams: circles proportional to coal production (published in 1861).

Minard, C. J. (1861). Des Tableaux Graphiques et des Cartes Figuratives. Paris: E. Thunot et Cie. ENPC: 3386/C161; BNF: V-16168.


4
950 print

Earliest known attempt to show changing values graphically (positions of the sun, moon, and planets throughout the year)(Europe)


102
1873 print by R. A. Fisher, c.1955, after Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903), USA

Graphical methods applied to explain fundamental relations in thermodynamics; this includes diagrams of entropy vs. temperature (where work or heat is proportional to area), and the first use of trilinear coordinates (graphs of (x,y,z) where x+y+z=constant).

Bumstead, H. A. (ed.) (1961). The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs . New York: Dover Publications, Inc. (an unabridged republication of the work originally published by Longmans, Green and Company in 1906).

Gibbs, J. W. (1873). Graphical methods in the thermodynamics of fluids. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2:309-342. Reprinted in Bumstead (above).

Gibbs, J. W. (1873). A method of geometrical representation of the thermodynamic properties of substances by means of surfaces. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2:382-404. Reprinted in Bumstead (above).


60
1827 Photograph by Joseph Nicephore Niépce, France

First successful photograph produced (an 8-hour exposure). [A type of asphalt (bitumen of Judea) was coated on metal plates. After exposure it was washed in solvents, the light areas were shown by the bitumen, dark areas by bare metal. Exposed to iodine, the plate darkened in the shadowed areas.].


89
1874 print by Francis Amasa Walker (Superintendent of U.S. Census) (1840-1897), USA

Age pyramid (bilateral histogram), bilateral frequency polygon, and the use of subdivided squares to show the division of population by two variables jointly (an early mosaic display) in the first true U.S. national statistical atlas.

Walker, F. A. (1874). Statistical Atlas of the United States, Based on the Results of Ninth Census, 1870, with Contributions from Many Eminent Men of Science and Several Departments of the [Federal] Government. New York: Julius Bien.


33
1795 print by Louis Ézéchiel Pouchet (1748-1809), France

Multi-number graphical calculation (proto-nomogram: contours applied to multiplication table, later rectified by Lalanne -- see ref. below).

Pouchet, L. E. (1795). Arithmétique linéaire. In Echelle Graphique des Nouveaux Poids, Mesures et Monnaies de la République Française . Rouen: Seyer. (Appendix).

Lalanne, L. (1846). Mémoire sur les tables graphiques et sur la géométrie anamorphique appliquées a diverses questions qui se rattachent a l'art de l'ingénieur. Annales des Ponts et Chausées , 2e series, 11 :1-69. Read 1843.


80
1889 print by Charles Booth (1840-1916), London, England

Street maps of London, showing poverty and wealth by color coding, transforming existing methods of social survey and poverty mapping towards the end of the nineteenth century.

Booth, C. (1889). Charles Booth's descriptive map of London poverty 1889 by Charles Booth; introduction by David A. Reeder. London: London Topographical Society, 1984. BL: Maps 182.c.1 Facsimile of maps published in Labour and Life of the People, Appendix to vol. II, 1891.

Booth, C. (1889). Labour and Life of the People. London: Macmillan and Co. (2 volumes, plus maps under separate cover; expanded to 17 volumes in 1902 edition).


127
1972 print by David F. Andrews, Canada

Form of Fourier series to generate plots of multivariate data.

Andrews, D.F. (1972). Plots of high dimensional data. Biometrics, 28:125-136.


31
1786 print by William Playfair (1759-1823), England

Bar chart, line graphs of economic data.

Playfair, W. (1786). Commercial and Political Atlas: Representing, by Copper-Plate Charts, the Progress of the Commerce, Revenues, Expenditure, and Debts of England, during the Whole of the Eighteenth Century . London: Corry. Re-published in Wainer, H. and Spence, I. (eds.), The Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary, 2005, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-85554-3.


280
2002 computer graphics by Technology Policy Group

This map provides a visual census of network infrastructure. It is produced by the Technology Policy Group as part of their NetmapUSA project which benchmarks regional information infrastructure in the U.S.

This is map is of the aggregate Internet bandwidth capacity between cities in the state of Michigan, as of January 2002.


34
1766 print by Moses Harris (1731-1785), Germany

Diagrams developed to represent color systems. In 1758, Mayer developed a system of constructing and naming many of the possible colours. Lambert extended this with a 3D pyramid indicating "depth" (saturation).



Harris, M. (1766). The natural system of colours , chap. Prismatic color mixture system. Licester-Fields: Laidler.




27
1693 print by Edmond Halley (1656-1742), England

First use of areas of rectangles to display probabilities of independent binary events.

Halley, E. (1693). An estimate of the degrees of mortality of mankind, drawn from curious tables of the births and funerals at the city of Breslaw, with an attempt to ascertain the price of annuities on lives. Philosophical Transactions, 17 :596-610.


21
150 print by Claudius Ptolemy (c. 85-c. 165), Alexandria, Egypt

Map projections of a spherical earth and use of latitude and longitude to characterize position (first display of longitude) - Alexandria, Egypt.


100
1863 print by William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882), England

Semilogarithmic grid (showing percentage changes in commodities).

Jevons, W. S. (1863). A serious fall in the value of gold ascertained, and its social effects set fourth. London.

Jevons, W. S. ([1879] 1958). Graphical method. In Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method, pp. 492-496. New York: Dover, 3rd edn. First ed.: 1874; page numbers from 3rd Ed. Dover reprint (1958).


94
1884 print by Michael George Mulhall (1836-1900), England

Pictogram, used to represent data by icons proportional to a number.

Mulhall, M. G. (1884). Dictionary of statistics. London.


244
2001 3D computer graphics by Menno-Jan Kraak

This version of Minard's Napolean's March is by Menno-Jan Kraak, of the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) is one of several 3D renditions on a lovely web site, Geovisualization and Minard's Map (http://www.itc.nl/personal/kraak/1812/). This one unravels time into the 3rd dimension, superposed above the base map.

The web site contains the largest collection of variations of Minard's map, with several interactive and animated versions, and a comprehensive list of references and other links.

Flash version:

http://www.itc.nl/personal/kraak/1812/3dnap.swf


239
computer graphics (SAS) by Robert Allison

Robert Allison created this two-level, zoomable version with interactive tooltips, as a lovely "proof-of-concept" example. He used SAS/GRAPH map data sets for the map information, and PROC GMAP to draw the map, using the SAS/GRAPH annotate facility to overlay Minard's data on the map. The interactive zooming and tooltips make use of the SAS ODS facility.

How he did it:

http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/minard/allison/minard_info.htm


240
computer graphics (SAS) by Robert Allison

Robert Allison created this two-level, zoomable version with interactive tooltips, as a lovely "proof-of-concept" example. He used SAS/GRAPH map data sets for the map information, and PROC GMAP to draw the map, using the SAS/GRAPH annotate facility to overlay Minard's data on the map. The interactive zooming and tooltips make use of the SAS ODS facility.


242
computer graphics by Max Boylan

This version of Minard's Napolean's March is an animated GIF image, from Max Boylan at SFSU. We start with an empty map on June 24, 1812, as the campaign begins at the Nemen River with 422,000 troops. The animation shows the step-by-step progress of the Grand Army to Moscow and back. The coding of temperature by color is done somewhat better than in the SAGE graphic above. The animation repeats 10 times.


236
1996 computer graphics by Aaron Walburg and Stephen Hartzog

This version of Minard's Napolean's March, by Aaron Walburg and Stephen Hartzog, listed on the University of York History of Statistics page uses a real map of the region from Poland to Moscow as the background. It overlays on this an animated sequence showing the size of Napoleon's army (with dates), and the retreat, together with the decline of temperature.

Static image:

http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/minard/march-animated.gif


237
2001 print by Ward L. Kaiser, Denis Wood, after Charles Joseph Minard

ODT, Inc. has recently published Seeing Through Maps: The Power of Images to Shape Our World View by Ward Kaiser and Denis Wood.

It contains this version of Minard's image with the caption translated into English and displayed legibly. The scale of temperature is displayed in both F and Celsius and given somewhat more prominence and readability.


235
1999 computer graphics by Wilkinson

In Chapter 15 of The Grammar of Graphics, Wilkinson (1999) describes the encoding of the information from Minard's graphic according to his graph grammar. This is notable because the specification for the graph is declarative (what the graph consists of) rather than procedural (how to draw it).


241
computer graphics by Sunny of Andrew Donoho's Information Design course at the University of Texas at Austin

The WWW and other new technology (CD rom, DVD) allows the easy integration of the easy integration of text, graphics, sound, and other media. Andrew Donoho teaches an Information Design course at the University of Texas at Austin. For the past several years, a course project asked students to design a web presentation based on Minard's graphic. Sunny's page is one example of the graphic linked (as an image map) to pages of text describing the major battles of the campaign. Another image map compares the account in War and Peace with historical sources.

Lori Eichelberger's page (http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF97/lkeich/index.htm) is another example, relating the March on Moscow to the memoirs of Francois Bourgogne, a Sergeant in Napoleon's Imperial Guard. Other interesting attempts may be found on the LIS Class Projects page (http://www.ddg.com/LIS/).


231
computer graphics (SAGE) by Sage Visualization Group, Carnegie Mellon University

This graph, from the Visualization and Intelligent Interfaces group at CMU is one re-design, attempting to link the information about temperature directly to the path and strength of Napoleon's army, emphasizing their interrelations more directly. The (X,Y) coordinates are still map-based (latitude and longitude).

"The use of color clearly shows the heat wave during the advance and the steady decline in temperature through the retreat. The exception, a spell of temperatures above freezing, is clearly visible when the retreating army is between the cities of Krasnyj and Bobr."

Sage Visualization Group, Carnegie Mellon University:

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sage/


232
computer graphics (SAGE) by Sage Visualization Group, Carnegie Mellon University

"The temporal characteristics of the march were weakly conveyed in the original because they were expressed as text labels. Here the relation between date, troop location (longitude only), and temperature is more strongly conveyed because they are all exp ressed as properties of the rectangles. Battle sites are indicated in text."

Sage Visualization Group, Carnegie Mellon University:

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sage/


234
1993 computer graphics (Mathematica) by Shaw and Tigg

In Chapter 4 of Applied Mathematica: Getting Started, Getting it Done, Shaw and Tigg (1993) describe a Mathematica function, NapoleonicMarchOnMoscowAndBackAgainPlot[] to re-create a close approximation to Minard's graphic.

A simpler function, Minard[] in the file Minard.m draws the same graph.


233
computer graphics (SAS Interactive Matrix Language) by SAS/IML Workshop

SAS/IML Workshop is client-server extension of the SAS Interactive Matrix Language, with an object-oriented flavor. This version, programmed in NapoleonsMarch.iml, works by defining a data structure and modules suitable to drawing paths on a 2D surface, a generalization of Minard's idea of the flow map.

Idea:

http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/minard/IML-thinking.html

Code:

http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/minard/NapoleonsMarch.iml


238
2001 computer graphics by Dragga and Voss

In an article published in Technical Communication, August 2001, Dragga and Voss "The Inhumanity of Technical Illustrations" suggest that Minard's graphic does not convey the human cost directly--- ``We don't see the people and we don't see their anguish.'' They present this image using pictographs, which gradually change from soldiers to burial crosses, to illustrate how "ethically conscious technical communicators could introduce the human element..."


230
John Schneider, after Charles Joseph Minard

From John Schneider's Napoleonic Literature page (http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/index.html); this is the largest and most detailed re-creation of Minard's graphic I have found on the Web. All the place names and troop strengths are highly legible. The Napoleonic Literature site contains many electronic books and a wealth of information.


150
1989 computer graphics (REGARD) by Graham Wills, J. Haslett, Anton Unwin, and P. Craig, England; Mark Monmonier, USA

Statistical graphics interactively linked to map displays.

Wills, G., Haslett, J., Unwin, A. R., and Craig, P. (1989). Dynamic interactive graphics for spatially referenced data. In F. Faulbaum (ed.), Fortschritte der Statistik-Software 2, pp. 278-287. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

Monmonier, M. (1989). Geographic brushing: Enhancing exploratory analysis of the scatterplot matrix. Geographical Analysis, 21 (1):81-84.




268
2000 computer graphics by Mark Krymalowski, Germany

Researcher Mark Krymalowski has been analysing the geographical distribution of DE domain registrations in Germany. This map from his research shows the relative number of domains per capita for 2000 for German counties.


147
1985 computer graphics by Alfred Inselberg, USA

Parallel coordinates plots for high-dimensional data.

Inselberg, A. (1985). The plane with parallel coordinates. The Visual Computer, 1:69-91.

Inselberg, A. (1989). Discovering multi-dimensional structure using parallel coordinates. In Proc. Amer. Stat. Assoc, Sec. on Stat.Graphics, pp. 1-16. American Statistical Association. ISBN 0-8186-2083-8 (PAPER).

Inselberg, A. and Dimsdale, B. (1990). Parallel coordinates: a tool for visualizing multi-dimensional geometry. In VIS '90: Proceedings of the 1st conference on Visualization '90, pp. 361-378. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 0-8186-2083-8 (PAPER).


146
1985 computer graphics by Alfred Inselberg, USA

Parallel coordinates plots for high-dimensional data.

Inselberg, A. (1985). The plane with parallel coordinates. The Visual Computer, 1:69-91.

Inselberg, A. (1989). Discovering multi-dimensional structure using parallel coordinates. In Proc. Amer. Stat. Assoc, Sec. on Stat.Graphics, pp. 1-16. American Statistical Association. ISBN 0-8186-2083-8 (PAPER).

Inselberg, A. and Dimsdale, B. (1990). Parallel coordinates: a tool for visualizing multi-dimensional geometry. In VIS '90: Proceedings of the 1st conference on Visualization '90, pp. 361-378. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 0-8186-2083-8 (PAPER).


107
1924 print by Otto Neurath (Director of the Social and Economic Museum) (1882-1945), Vienna, Austria

Museum of Social Statistical Graphics and the ISOTYPE system (International System of Typographic Picture Education).

Neurath, O. (1973). From Vienna method to Isotype. In M. Neurath and R. S. Cohen (eds.), Empiricism and Sociology, pp. 214-248. Dordrecht, NL: Reidel. (papers written 1925-45).

Neurath, O. (1991). Gesammelte Bildpaedagogische Schriften. Vienna: Verlag Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky. ISBN 3209008639. Rudolf Haller and Robin Kinross (eds.).


149
1983 computer graphics by Hans Riedwyl (1935-) and Michel Schüpbach, Switzerland

Sieve diagram, for representing frequencies in a two-way contingency table.

Riedwyl, H. and Schüpbach, M. (1983). Siebdiagramme: Graphische Darstellung von Kontingenztafeln . Tech. Rep. 12, Institute for Mathematical Statistics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.


117
1927 print by J. N. Washburne, USA

Spate of articles on experimental tests of statistical graphical forms: R. von Huhn, F. E. Croxton, J. N. Washburne, USA.

Washburne, J. N. (1927). An experimental study of various graphic, tabular and textual methods of presenting quantitative material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 18:361-376, 465-476.

von Huhn, R. (1927). A discussion of the Eells' experiment. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 22:31-36.

Croxton, F. E. (1927). Further studies in the graphic use of circles and bars. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 22:36-39.

Croxton, F. E. and Stein, H. (1932). Graphic comparisons by bars, squares, circles and cubes. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 27:54-60.

Croxton, F. E. and Stryker, R. E. (1927). Bar charts versus circle diagrams. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 22:473-482.


62
1801 print by William Smith (1769-1839), England

The first large-scale geological map of England and Wales, setting the pattern for geological cartography, and founding stratigraphic geology. Recently called (hyperbolically) "the map that changed the world." (Smith's map was first drawn in 1801, but the final version was not published until 1815.)

Smith, W. (Feb. 1815). A delineation of the strata of England and Wales, with part of Scotland; exhibiting the collieries and mines, the marshes and fenlands originally overflowed by the sea, and the varieties of soil according to the substrata, illustrated by the most descriptive names . London: John Cary. BL: Maps 1180.(19).

Morton, J. L. (1992). Strata: How William Smith drew the First map of the Earth in 1801 and inspired the Science of Geology. Stroud, England: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0 7524 1992.

Winchester, S. (2001). The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology. New York: Harper Collins.


770
2003 computer graphics by Marcos Weskamp

Social Circles intends to partially reveal the social networks that emerge in mailing lists. The idea was to visualize in near real-time the social hierarchies and the main subjects they address. When subscribing to a mailing you never know who the principals are, how many people are listening or what subjects they are talking about. It's like entering a meeting room with plenty of people in the darkness and then having to learn who is who by just listening to their voices.

Social Circles does not pretend to be a statistical application, but rather aims to raise the lights in that room just enough to let you enhance your perception of what's happening. At a glance it allows an easy way of grasping the whole situation by highlighting who is participating, who is "visually" central to that group, and displaying the topics everyone is talking about. How does the list structure itself? Is it moderated? Is it chaotic?


926
2004 computer graphics by Valdis Krebs

This is the third "social network" map of political books based on purchase patterns from major web book retailers, which highlight the strong division between left and right. Two books are linked in the social network if they were purchased by the same person -- "Customers who bought this book also bought?". On this version Valdis Krebs used the top 100 political books on Amazon as a guide. The data was gathered in late April 2004, after the release of many greatly anticipated political books. InFlow software was used to map and measure the "social network of books."

The books are organized, and colored red, blue or purple, based on book buying data. The links determine the grouping and coloring of the nodes. Many thought that Woodward's latest book, Plan of Attack would be read equally by pro and anti-Bush readers. The 'also bought' data does not support that theory. Mostly those reading left leaning books are buying Woodward?s book.

The big difference between this network map and the previous two are the number of books in the middle. The release of two popular middle books, colored purple, expose a further network of middle books. Ghost Wars reveals one group of middle books, while The Rise of the Vulcans reveals a second group. Yet, the increase in boundary-spanning books does not indicate a shift in the political landscape. The three network maps are not that different within common statistical limits.


627
2004 computer graphics by Sara I. Fabrikant

Additional multivariate statistical techniques can be applied to the attribute data and depicted in a SOM for further exploration. The upper graphic in the image on the left depicts three state clusters identified by a K-means clustering algorithm on the selected socio-demographic attribute data (see above SOM). This means that U.S. states cluster socio-demographically into 3 distinct groups. One can visualize these three statistical groups in geographic space, and explore the resulting pattern in a traditional map. The contiguous red cluster in SOM space is also contiguous in geographic space, shown in the map on the left. This pattern provides support to the the well-known first law of geography that states "everything is related to everything else, but closer things are more related than distant things" (Tobler, 1970). Interestingly, the swing states (highlighted in magenta) seem to form a contiguous "buffer zone" in the North East, between blue and red land.


39
1779 print by Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777), Germany

Graphical analysis of periodic variation (in soil temperature), and the first semi-graphic display combining tabular and graphical formats.

Hankins, T. L. (1999). Blood, dirt, and nomograms: A particular history of graphs. Isis, 90:50-80.

Lambert, J. H. (1779). Pyrometrie; oder, vom maasse des feuers und der wärme mit acht kupfertafeln. Berlin.


90
1873 print by Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904), France

Invention of precursor of motion-picture camera, recording a series of photographs to study fight of birds, running and walking.

Marey, E.-J. (1873). La machine animale, locomotion terestre et aérienne.


131
1971 print by J. H. Siegel, R. M. Goldwyn, and Herman P. Friedman, USA

Irregular polygon ("star plot") to represent multivariate data (with vertices at equally spaced intervals, distance from center proportional to the value of a variable) [but see Georg von Mayr in 1877 [S.78] for first use].

Siegel, J.H., Goldwyn, R.M., and Friedman, H.P. (1971). Pattern and process of the evolution of human septic shock. Surgery, 70:232-245.

Mayr, G.v. (1877). Die Gesetzmäßigkeit im Gesellschaftsleben. Oldenbourg.


154
2002 print by New York Times

Sometimes a map wants to be the forground rather than the background for a data display. Anamorphic maps deform the map for this purpose,This map from the New York Times shows the state of the U.S. presidential race from polls conducted before the 2000 election. In order to show the contribution of each state to a victory by Bush or Gore, each state is sized according to the number of votes it has in the Electoral College, with one square for each vote. A 5-level color scale distinguishes 'safe' from 'leaning', and a bar graph at the bottom shows the totals for all states.

Presented by Archie Tse in a session on Information Graphics at the 2002 Joint Statistical Meetings, Aug. 12, 2002.


69
1805 print by William Playfair (1759-1823), England

Invention of the pie chart, and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations.

Playfair, W. (1801). Statistical Breviary; Shewing, on a Principle Entirely New, the Resources of Every State and Kingdom in Europe . London: Wallis. Re-published in Wainer, H. and Spence, I. (eds.), The Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary, 2005, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-85554-3.


125
1974 print by U.S. Bureau of the Census

CDC map of the incidence of stomach cancer in white males.



Color-coded bivariate matrix to represent two intervally measured variables in a single map (Urban Atlas series)[but see Georg von Mayr in 1874 [Fig. XIX] for first use]- U.S. Bureau of the Census.

U.S. Bureau of the Census (1974). Urban Atlas. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Series GE-80.

Mayr, G. v. (1874). Gutachten Ãœber die Anwendung der Graphischen und Geographischen Methoden in der Statistik. (n.p.).


104
1904 print by Edward Walter Maunder (1851-1928), England

Use of the "butterfly diagram" to study the variation of sunspots over time, leading to the discovery that they were markedly reduced in frequency from 1645-1715 (the "Maunder minimum"). [Earlier work, started in 1843 by H. Schwabe, showed that sunspots exhibit an approximately twenty-two year cycle, with each eleven-year cycle of sunspots followed by a reversal of the direction of the sun's magnetic field] (Maunder's butterfly diagram) - England


29
1626 print by Christopher Scheiner (1575-1650), Italy

Visual representations used to chart the changes in sunspots over time. Also, the first known use of the idea of "small multiples" to show a series of images in a coherent display.

Scheiner, C. (1626-1630). Rosa Ursina sive Sol ex Admirando Facularum & Macularum Suarum Phoenomeno Varius . Bracciano, Italy: Andream Phaeum. BL: 532.l.6.


86
1878 print by James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897), England

The term "graph" introduced, referring to diagrams showing analogies between the chemical bonds in molecules and graphical representations of mathematical invariants (also coined the term "matrix").

Sylvester, J. J. (1878). On an application of the new atomic theory to the graphical representation of the invariants and covariants of binary quantics, with three appendices. American Journal of Mathematics, 1:64-128.


85
1861 print by Francis Galton (1822-1911), England

The modern weather map, a chart showing area of similar air pressure and barometric changes by means of glyphs displayed on a map. These led to the discovery of the anti-cyclonic movement of wind around low-pressure areas.

Galton, F. (1861). Meteorological charts. Philosophical Magazine, 22:34-35.

Galton, F. (1870). Barometric predictions of weather. Nature, 2:501-503.


151
1994 computer graphics (Table Lens) by Ramana Rao and Stuart K. Card, Xerox Parc, USA

Table lens: Focus and context technique for viewing large tables; user can expand rows or columns to see the details, while keeping surrounding context.

Rao, R. and Card, S. K. (1994). The table lens: Merging graphical and symbolic representations in an interactive focus+context visualization for tabular information. In Proc. CHI'94, pp.318-322. ACM, Boston, Massachusetts.




111
1924 print by Heinz Von Foerster (1911-2002), Austria

Table of historical events drawn on logarithmic paper.

von Foerster observed that the closer to the present, the more densely filled the paper was with historical events; conversely, the further you went back the thinner the table. Plotting the data using a logarithmic time scale allowed the history of time to be plotted on one table.


41
1782 print by Charles de Fourcroy, France

Use of geometric, proportional figures (squares) to compare demographic quantities by superposition, an early "tableau graphique."

Fourcroy, C. d. (1782). Essai d'une table poléométrique, ou amusement d'un amateur de plans sur la grandeur de quelques villes . Paris: Dupain-Triel.


59
1844 Print by Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870), France

"Tableau-graphique" showing transportation of commercial traffic by variable-width (distance), divided bars (height ~ amount), area ~ cost of transport [An early form of the mosaic plot.].

Minard, C. J. (May 1844). Tableaux figuratifs de la circulation de quelques chemins de fer. lith. (n.s.). ENPC:5860/C351, 5299/C307.

Dainville, F. d. (Oct. 1970). Les bases d'une cartographie industrielle de L'Europe au XIXe siècle. Tech. Rep. 540, Centre National de la Recherch Scientifique, Lyon. Colloques Internationaux du C.N.R.S.

Robinson, A. H. (1967). The thematic maps of Charles Joseph Minard. Imago Mundi, 21 :95-108.




13
print

In 1508 a map of the Roman empire came in the way of Konrad Peutinger from Augsburg. Later this map was called after him: Tabula Peutingeriana, Peutinger-map. A few centuries before Peutinger got the map he was copied from an old Roman world-map, from the 4th century A.D, and was copied from the world-map of Agrippina, end 1st century B.C.

The Peutinger-map was drawn on a narrow book-roll with a length of 7 metres. He shows the whole Roman empire, from todays Great Britain till the Indus. The creator was sure that Rome was the central point, therefor Rome was located at the centre of the map. There were 12 ways to leave Rome. The map wasn't meant as an accurate map like we find in todays atlasses rather an outline for people who were traveling. The creator only reasoned left to right, but that was enough for a traveller. He also mentioned the distance next to the roads, because the length of the lines on the map had no meaning.

(366-335 BCE)

Further text:

The whole of the Roman world is reproduced on this painted parchment 34 centimetres in height and almost 7 metres in length. Although it is the most reproduced Roman chart, the Table of Peutinger does not make it possible to perceive the extent of the cartographic work undertaken by the Romans. Land conquerors, they had a utilitary vision of geography and their cartographic representations were related to the imperial conquests. Topographers accompanied the Roman armies in their campaigns in order to recognize the conquered grounds. Information collected was used for the military needs and the development of infrastructures such as the routes, but also to describe the routes. The table of Peutinger, named after the XVI century German collector to which it was offered, was a form of very widespread geographical description. If this chart does not bring topographic information, it gives indications of distances and size of the places, very practical information for the traveller. The North-South distances are represented on a smaller scale than the East-West distances, thus making it possible to the traveller to unfold or unroll the section which corresponded to its course.


282
2001 computer graphics by TeleGeography, Inc.

Example of the statistical maps and diagrams produced by TeleGeography, Inc. This map shows aggregate international Internet bandwidth between regions from 2001.

[For more information see the Map of the Month article "TeleGeography's Traffic Flow Maps".]


284
2001 computer graphics by TeleGeography, Inc.

Example of the statistical maps and diagrams produced by TeleGeography, Inc. This map shows telegeography routes between regions from 2001.

[For more information see the Map of the Month article "TeleGeography's Traffic Flow Maps".]


717
2002 computer graphics by W. Bradford Paley

TextArc: Revealing Word Associations, Distribution and Frequency. TextArc is a tool designed to help people discover patterns and concepts in any text by leveraging a powerful, underused resource: human visual processing. It compliments approaches such as Statistical Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics by providing an overview, letting intuition help extract meaning from an unread text.

Here, an analysis of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland demonstrates TextArc's structure and some capabilities. TextArc represents the entire text as two concentric spirals on the screen: each line is drawn in a tiny (one pixel tall) font around the outside, starting at the top; then each word is drawn in a more readable size. Important typographic features, like the mouse-tail shape of a poem at about two o'clock, can be seen because the tiny lines retain their formatting. Frequently used words stand out from the background more intensely.


82
1857 print by Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), England

Polar area charts, known as "coxcombs" (used in a campaign to improve sanitary conditions of army).

Nightingale, F. (1857). Mortality of the British Army. London: Harrison and Sons.


63
1830 print by Michael Faraday (1791-1867), England

Graphical analysis of natural phenomena begins to appear on a regular basis in scientific publications, particularly in England. For example, in 1832, Faraday proposes pictorial representation of electric and magnetic lines of force.


19
print by Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-546 BC), Turkey

The first world map? No extant copies, but described in books II and IV of Herodotus "Histories."


903
2004 computer graphics by Francesco Rao, Amedeo Caflisch

The energy landscape for the folding of the beta3s peptide is investigated by Molecular Dynamics simulations. Conformations of the peptide and the transitions between them are the nodes and the links of the network, respectively. The size and color coding of the nodes reflect the statistical weight and average neighbor connectivity. Representative conformations are shown by a pipe colored according to secondary structure: white stands for coil, red for alpha-helix, orange for bend, cyan for strand and the N-terminus is in blue. The variable radius of the pipe reflects structural variability within snapshots in a conformation. The yellow diamonds are folding TS conformations.

Source: F. Rao and A. Caflisch, JMB 342, 299-306 (2004)


593
computer graphics by Jonathon Corum

Strouhal numbers (y/x) can be determined from simplified kinematic waveforms of wing amplitude (y-axis) and wavelength (x-axis).

Generating waveforms for all of the 42 species of birds, bats, and insects sampled in Taylor et al.’s Nature article1 yields the following chart, with each list sorted by decreasing amplitude.

...

It’s tempting to look for patterns in the graphs: Strouhal numbers for birds seem to fall on the lower end of the predicted range (closer to .2), while bat species tend to fall on the higher end (closer to .4). Similarly, Strouhal numbers for relatively large birds (amplitude larger than .5 meters) also seem to hug the lower end of the predicted range.

Still, it’s important to keep in mind that these charts do not attempt to draw statistical conclusions, and must be viewed in the context of the statistical analysis provided in Taylor et al.’s Nature article.




592
2003 computer graphics by Jonathon Corum

Waveforms can be placed side by side for comparison: below are five examples of cruising flight showing amplitude, frequency, and distance over 1/2 second for the Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans), the Eurasian Kestrel, the Common Sheathtail Bat, the Zebra Finch, and the Neotropical Moth (Urania fulgens).

...

It’s tempting to look for patterns in the graphs: Strouhal numbers for birds seem to fall on the lower end of the predicted range (closer to .2), while bat species tend to fall on the higher end (closer to .4). Similarly, Strouhal numbers for relatively large birds (amplitude larger than .5 meters) also seem to hug the lower end of the predicted range.

Still, it’s important to keep in mind that these charts do not attempt to draw statistical conclusions, and must be viewed in the context of the statistical analysis provided in Taylor et al.’s Nature article.


143
1991 computer graphics by Michael Friendly (1945-), Canada

Mosaic display developed as a visual analysis tool for log-linear models (beginning general methods for visualizing categorical data).

Friendly, M. and Fox, J. (Dec. 1991). Interpreting Higher Order Interactions in Loglinear Analysis: A Picture is Worth 1000 Words . Tech. rep., Institute for Social Research, York University, Toronto, CA.

Friendly, M. (1994). Mosaic displays for multi-way contingency tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 89:190-200.


22
1305 print by Ramon Llull (1235-1316), Spain

Mechanical diagrams of knowledge, as aids to reasoning (served as an inspiration to Leibnitz in the development of symbolic logic).


152
1991 computer graphics (TreeViz) by Ben Shneiderman

Treemaps, for space-constrained visualization of hierarchies, using nested rectangles (size proportional to some numerical measure of the node).

Shneiderman, B. (1991). Tree visualization with treemaps: A 2-D space-filling approach. Tech. Rep. TR 91-03, University of Maryland, HCIL. (Published in ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol.11(1): 92-99, 1992).

Johnson, B. and Shneiderman, B. (1991). Treemaps: A space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures. In Proc. of the 2nd International IEEE Visualization Conference , pp. 284-291. San Diego, CA.




177
1991 print by R. A. Fisher

Figure 3: A dotplot of the barley data showing yield against site and year given variety.

The figure is a Trellis display of data from an agricultural field trial of barley yields at six sites in Minnesota; ten varieties of barley were grown in each of two years. The data were presented by R. A. Fisher in The Design of Experiments and analyzed subsequently by many others.

William Cleveland's display of these data shows an apparent surprise missed by previous investigators, which occurs at the Morris site: For all other sites, 1931 produced a significantly higher overall yield than 1932. The reverse is true at Morris. But most importantly, the amount by which 1932 exceeds 1931 at Morris is similar to the amounts by which 1931 exceeds 1932 at the other sites. More displays, a statistical modeling of the data, and some background checks on the experiment led to the conclusion that the data are in error -- the years for Morris were inadvertently reversed. The background of the data, and analysis with Trellis are described in more detail in The Visual Design and Control of Trellis http://www.research.att.com/areas/stat/doc/95.8.color.ps).

The graph uses main effect ordering to arrange the 6 sites and 10 barley varieties from bottom to top according to increasing values of the median yields (collapsed over other factors). This greatly aids perception of trends in the data and makes the Morris data stand out as unusual.


23
1280 by Ramon Llull (1235-1316), Spain

Triangular diagrams of paired comparisons for electoral systems (how to elect a Pope or Mother Superior, when all the candidates are voting).


287
2000 computer graphics by IIker Temir

A census map of Internet connectivity in Turkey, compiled by IIker Temir. It show the state of connections at the end of June 2000.


26
1614 print by John Napier (1550-1617), Scotland

Invention of logarithms, and the first published tables of logarithms.

Napier, J. (1614). Mirifici logarithorum canonis descriptio. (English translation, A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithms, published in 1616 by Edward Wright, London: Nicholas Okes).


953
2004 computer graphics by (unknown)

txtkit is an Open Source visual text mining tool for exploring large amounts of multilingual texts. It's a multi-user application which mainly focuses on the process of reading and reasoning as a series of decisions and events. To expand this single perspective activity txtkit collects all of the users mining data and uses them to create content recommendations through collaborative filtering.

The txtkit interface is divided into two parts: txtshell (shell interface) and txtvbot (visual bot). txtshell provides several commands to browse, to read and to select text, whilst txtvbot displays the user activity in real-time. The visualization is based on the users actions, statistical information about the data as well as collaborative filtering schemes. Therefore, the complexity of its visual output relates to the increasing number of users.


67
1846 print by Léon Lalanne (1811-1892), France

Logarithmic grid (the first log-log plot, as a nomogram for showing products from the factors).

Lalanne, L. (1846). Mémoire sur les tables graphiques et sur la géométrie anamorphique appliquées a diverses questions qui se rattachent a l'art de l'ingénieur. Annales des Ponts et Chausées, 2e series, 11:1-69. Read 1843.


153
1983 computer graphics by Mark Monmonier, USA

Visibiltiy Base Map, a map of the United States where areas are adjusted to provide a readily readable platform for area symbols for smaller states, such as Delaware and Rhode Island, with compensating reductions in the size of larger states.

Monmonier, M. and Schnell, G. (1983). The Study of Population: Elements, Patterns, Processes. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill.


148
1975 computer graphics by William S. Cleveland and Beat Kleiner, USA

USA 1970 Draft Lottery Data, with median and quartile traces.

Enhancement of scatterplot with plots of three moving statistics (midmean and lower and upper semimidmean).

Cleveland, W. S. and Kleiner, B. (1975). A graphical technique for enhancing scatterpiots with moving statistics. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting. American Statistical Association, Atlanta, GA.




128
1957 print by Edgar Anderson, USA

Circular glyphs, with rays to represent multivariate data.

Anderson, E. (1957). A semigraphical method for the analysis of complex problems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 13(3):923-927. Reprinted in Technometrics, 2:387-391 (August 1960).


88
1880 print by John Venn (1834-1923), England

Representation of logical propositions and relations diagrammatically. [Actually, Liebnitz and, to some degree, Euler had used such diagrams previously.].

Venn, J. (1880). On the diagrammatic and mechanical representation of propositions and reasonings. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 9:1-18.

Venn, J. (1881). Symbolic Logic. London: MacMillan.


120
1967 print by Jacques Bertin (1918-), France

Comprehensive theory of graphical symbols and modes of graphics representation.

Jacques Bertin published the monumental Semiologie Graphique (1967). To some, this appeared to do for graphics what Mendeleev had done for the organization of the chemical elements, that is, to organize the visual and perceptual elements of graphics according to the features and relations in data.

Bertin, J. (1967). Sémiologie Graphique: Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.

Bertin, J. (1983). Semiology of Graphics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. (trans. W. Berg).


71
1811 print by Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), Germany

Charts using subdivided bar graphs, and superimposed squares, showing the relative size of Mexican territories and populations in the colonies.

von Humboldt, A. (1811). Atlas Géographique et Physique du Royaume de la Nouvelle-Espagne. Paris: F. Schoell.


98
1877 print by Georg von Mayr (1841-1925), Germany

First use of proportional, divided square in the modern (mosaic) form for data representation.

Mayr, G. v. (1877). Die Gesetzmäßigkeit im Gesellschaftsleben. Oldenbourg.




97
1877 print by Georg von Mayr (1841-1925), Germany

First use of polar diagrams and star plots for data representation.

Mayr, G. v. (1877). Die Gesetzmäßigkeit im Gesellschaftsleben. Oldenbourg.

Ostermann, R. (1999). Georg von Mayrs beiträge zur statistichen graphik. Algemeines Statistiches Archiv, 83(3):350-362.


70
1843 print by Léon Lalanne (1811-1892), France

Use of polar coordinates in a graph (frequency of wind directions).

Lalanne, L. (1845). Appendice sur la representation graphique des tableaux météorologiques et des lois naturelles en général. In L. F. Kaemtz (ed.), Cours Complet de Météorologie, pp. 1-35. Paulin. Translated and annotated by C. Martins.


73
1838 print by Heinrich Berghaus (1797-1884), Germany

Physical atlas of the distribution of plants, animals, climate, etc., one of the most extensive and detailed thematic atlases; most of the maps contained tables, graphs, pictorial profiles of distributions over altitude, and other visual accompanyments.

Berghaus, H. (1838). Physikalischer Atlas. Gotha: Justus Perthes. 2 vols., published 1845-48.


114
1920 print by Sewall Wright (1889-1988), USA

Invention of the path diagram to show relations among a network of endogenous and exogenous variables forming a system of structural equations.

Wright, S. (1920). The relative importance of heredity and environment in determining the piebald pattern of guinea-pigs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 6:320-332.


139
1991 computer graphics (XGvis) by Andreas Buja, Deborah F. Swayne, Michael L. Littman, Nathaniel Dean

From 1991 to 1996, there was a spate of development and public distribution of highly interactive systems for data analysis and visualization, e.g., XGobi, ViSta by Deborah Swayne, Di Cook, Andreas Buja, and Forrest Young (1940-2006).

Buja, A., Asimov, D., Hurley, C., and McDonald, J. A. (1988). Elements of a viewing pipeline for data analysis. In William S. Cleveland and M. E. McGill (eds.), Dynamic Graphics for Statistics. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Swayne, D. F., Cook, D., and Buja, A. (1992). XGobi: Interactive dynamic graphics in the X Window System with a link to S. In Proceedings of the 1991 American Statistical Association Meetings, pp. ??-?? American Statistical Association.

Buja, A., Cook, D., and Swayne, D. F. (1996). Interactive high-dimensional data visualization. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics , 5 (1):78-99.

Swayne, D. F., Cook, D., and Buja, A. (1998). XGobi: Interactive dynamic data visualization in the X Window System. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 7(1):113-130.

Young, F. W. (1994). ViSta: The Visual Statistics System . Tech. Rep. RM 94-1, L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory, UNC.